Neo-Shamanism vs. Traditional Shamanism

Shamanism is an ancient spiritual practice rooted in indigenous traditions, often considered humanity's oldest spiritual system. It involves connecting with the spiritual world for healing, guidance, and insight. In contrast, neo-shamanism has emerged as a contemporary reinterpretation of these practices, often adapted for modern lifestyles and Western contexts. While neo-shamanism draws inspiration from traditional shamanism, it departs in significant ways. This blog post examines the similarities and differences between these two paradigms, exploring their historical roots, cultural contexts, practices, and modern implications.
 

Origins and Historical Roots
 

Traditional Shamanism
 

Shamanism traces its origins to prehistoric times, with evidence found in rock art, burial sites, and oral traditions. It was (and in many places still is) practiced by indigenous peoples across regions such as Siberia, the Americas, Africa, and Southeast Asia. A shaman, in these traditions, acts as an intermediary between the physical and spiritual worlds, often entering altered states of consciousness through drumming, chanting, or the use of entheogenic plants. Their roles include healing, divination, guiding souls, and maintaining harmony within their communities.
 

Neo-Shamanism
 

Neo-shamanism emerged during the mid-20th century, influenced by anthropological studies and New Age spirituality. Thinkers like Carlos Castaneda, Michael Harner, and Mircea Eliade played pivotal roles in introducing shamanic ideas to Western audiences. Unlike traditional shamanism, neo-shamanism isn't tied to a specific culture or lineage. Instead, it often blends practices from various traditions, emphasizing personal transformation and individual spiritual exploration.
 

Philosophical Foundations
 

Traditional Shamanism: Communal and Contextual
 

Traditional shamanism is deeply rooted in the cultural and ecological contexts of its practitioners. The shaman's work is inherently tied to the well-being of their community and the natural world. For example:

• Animism: Belief that all elements of nature (animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess spirits.
• Community Service: Shamans perform rituals to heal individuals, resolve conflicts, or ensure a bountiful harvest.
• Cultural Specificity: Practices are shaped by the tribe's history, environment, and cosmology.
  

Neo-Shamanism: Individualistic and Syncretic
 

Neo-shamanism shifts the focus from community service to individual empowerment. It emphasizes:

• Personal Growth: Participants often seek healing or enlightenment for themselves rather than for their community.
• Spiritual Eclecticism: Borrowing from diverse traditions--such as Native American, Peruvian, or Siberian practices--without adhering to a specific cultural framework.
• Universal Accessibility: Neo-shamanic practices are often presented as techniques anyone can learn, regardless of cultural or spiritual background.
  

This philosophical shift has been both celebrated for its inclusivity and criticized for its lack of authenticity.
 

Core Practices
 

Altered States of Consciousness
 

Both traditional and neo-shamanism rely on altered states of consciousness to access the spiritual realm, but their approaches differ:

• Traditional Methods: Indigenous shamans use culturally specific tools like drums, rattles, chants, and psychoactive plants such as ayahuasca or peyote.
• Neo-Shamanic Adaptations: Neo-shamanism may substitute traditional methods with breathwork, meditation, or modern sound healing techniques, making these practices more accessible to urban lifestyles.
  

Rituals and Ceremonies

• Traditional Shamanism: Rituals are sacred and often complex, requiring deep training within a cultural lineage. These ceremonies are imbued with cultural symbolism and are seen as essential for maintaining spiritual balance in the community.
• Neo-Shamanism: Ceremonies are often simplified or reinterpreted for broader audiences. For instance, a neo-shamanic retreat might focus on "soul retrieval" or guided visualization workshops, omitting the cultural nuances of the original practice.
  

Use of Plant Medicine
 

Plant medicine is another area of divergence:

• Traditional Shamanism: The use of plants like ayahuasca or iboga is rooted in centuries-old traditions, often accompanied by strict rituals and spiritual guidance.
• Neo-Shamanism: Plant medicine is sometimes commodified, with retreats offering ayahuasca ceremonies to international tourists, often without the depth of traditional training or safeguards.
  

Cultural Appropriation vs. Cultural Appreciation
 

One of the most contentious issues in the discussion of neo-shamanism is cultural appropriation. Critics argue that neo-shamanic practices often strip traditional rituals of their cultural significance, reducing them to marketable commodities. For example:

• Loss of Context: A neo-shamanic drumming circle might replicate the surface elements of a Siberian ritual without understanding its deeper meaning.
• Exploitation: Indigenous knowledge is sometimes used without acknowledgment or compensation to the communities that developed it.
  

However, proponents of neo-shamanism counter that spiritual knowledge belongs to all humanity and adapting it for modern times ensures its survival.
 

Impact on Spirituality and Healing
 

Both traditional and neo-shamanism play significant roles in spiritual healing, albeit in different ways:

• Traditional Shamanism: Healing is holistic, addressing not only physical ailments but also spiritual imbalances believed to cause illness. The shaman works within a cosmology that views health as a harmony between humans, spirits, and nature.
• Neo-Shamanism: Healing is often framed in psychological terms, focusing on overcoming trauma, achieving self-actualization, or reconnecting with nature.
  

This reframing has made shamanic practices more relatable to those in the West, but it also departs from their original intent.
 

Challenges and Ethical Considerations
 

The rise of neo-shamanism raises several ethical questions:

• Authenticity: Can shamanism retain its essence when removed from its cultural and spiritual roots?
• Accessibility vs. Exploitation: How do we balance making shamanic practices accessible to all while respecting the intellectual property of indigenous cultures?
• Sustainability: The commercialization of neo-shamanism, especially in areas like plant medicine tourism, risks overharvesting and exploitation of natural resources.
  

Conclusion: A Meeting of Worlds
 

While traditional shamanism and neo-shamanism differ in origin, philosophy, and practice, both serve as bridges between the material and spiritual worlds. Traditional shamanism offers a profound connection to ancient wisdom and community, rooted in cultural specificity. Neo-shamanism, on the other hand, reflects the evolving spiritual needs of a globalized world, emphasizing individual empowerment and inclusivity.
 

The key to navigating this intersection lies in fostering respect, reciprocity, and dialogue. Neo-shamanic practitioners can honor the roots of their practices by learning from indigenous voices, supporting their communities, and ensuring that spiritual exploration doesn't come at the expense of cultural integrity. In doing so, shamanism in all its forms can continue to inspire and heal across generations.

The Neo-Shamanic Movement

The Neo-Shamanic Movement is a fascinating cultural and spiritual phenomenon that has gained significant traction in recent decades. Rooted in the ancient traditions of shamanism, it blends traditional indigenous practices with modern sensibilities, offering people a transformative path to healing, self-discovery, and connection with the natural world. This blog post explores the origins, principles, and implications of the Neo-Shamanic Movement, unpacking its cultural significance and appeal in a fast-paced, technologically driven era.
 

What Is Neo-Shamanism?
 

Neo-shamanism is a contemporary adaptation of traditional shamanic practices, characterized by its focus on personal spirituality and healing. Unlike classical shamanism, which is deeply embedded in specific indigenous cultures and rituals, neo-shamanism is eclectic and global. It draws from various shamanic traditions, including Siberian, Native American, and Amazonian, blending them with modern therapeutic techniques, mindfulness practices, and holistic healing philosophies.
 

This movement often appeals to those seeking alternative paths to wellness and spiritual growth, particularly individuals disillusioned with institutionalized religion or conventional medicine. At its core, neo-shamanism emphasizes direct personal experience, the interconnectedness of all life, and the transformative power of altered states of consciousness.
 

The Historical Roots of Shamanism
 

To understand neo-shamanism, it's essential to explore its roots in traditional shamanic practices. Shamanism is one of humanity's oldest spiritual traditions, dating back tens of thousands of years. Indigenous shamans served as intermediaries between the human and spirit worlds, facilitating healing, guidance, and communal harmony.
 

Shamans were healers, visionaries, and spiritual leaders, often using rituals involving drumming, chanting, plant medicine, and trance states to access deeper levels of consciousness. These practices were not only spiritual but also practical, addressing physical ailments, psychological imbalances, and social cohesion within the community.
 

While traditional shamanism is contextually bound to specific cultures, neo-shamanism transcends these boundaries, adapting its tools and wisdom to a globalized audience.
 

Key Principles of Neo-Shamanism
 

Neo-shamanism incorporates several core principles of traditional shamanism while reinterpreting them for contemporary use:
 

1. Connection to Nature
 

A hallmark of both traditional and neo-shamanism is the reverence for nature. Practitioners view the Earth as a living, sacred entity, emphasizing the importance of aligning with its rhythms and respecting its ecosystems. Activities like vision quests, forest bathing, and eco-therapy are common ways neo-shamans foster this connection.
 

2. Altered States of Consciousness
 

Neo-shamanic practices often involve techniques to achieve altered states of consciousness, such as breathwork, drumming, meditation, or the use of entheogenic plants like ayahuasca or psilocybin. These states allow practitioners to explore the subconscious, access spiritual insights, and facilitate healing.
 

3. Healing and Integration
 

Healing is a central goal in neo-shamanism, focusing on emotional, psychological, and spiritual well-being. Practices aim to address trauma, break negative patterns, and promote personal transformation. Unlike traditional shamanism, neo-shamanism often integrates psychological tools, such as Jungian archetypes or mindfulness techniques, to bridge ancient wisdom with modern psychology.
 

4. Individualized Spirituality
 

Neo-shamanism is deeply personal, encouraging individuals to create their spiritual path rather than adhere to rigid dogma. This open, inclusive approach resonates with people from diverse cultural and religious backgrounds.
 

Why Is Neo-Shamanism Gaining Popularity?
 

The rise of neo-shamanism coincides with broader societal trends toward spiritual exploration and holistic wellness. Several factors contribute to its growing appeal:

• A Need for Connection: In an era of digital connectivity but emotional isolation, neo-shamanism offers meaningful experiences that foster connection with oneself, others, and nature.
• Mental Health Crisis: As mental health issues like anxiety and depression become more prevalent, people are seeking alternative therapies. Neo-shamanic practices provide tools for self-healing and emotional release.
• Ecological Awareness: Growing environmental concerns have spurred interest in nature-based spirituality, making the eco-centric ethos of neo-shamanism particularly relevant.
• Cultural Curiosity: The globalization of information has made it easier to access and learn about diverse spiritual traditions, inspiring people to incorporate shamanic elements into their lives.

Practices and Tools in Neo-Shamanism

 

Neo-shamanism encompasses a wide array of practices and tools designed to facilitate healing, self-discovery, and spiritual growth:   

• Shamanic Journeys: Guided meditations or trance states that allow practitioners to explore the spiritual realm, often seeking guidance from spirit animals or ancestors.
• Drumming and Sound Therapy: Rhythmic drumming, chanting, or sound baths to induce trance states and promote relaxation.
• Plant Medicine: The use of sacred plants like ayahuasca, San Pedro, or psilocybin mushrooms for spiritual awakening and deep healing.
• Ceremonial Rituals: Personalized rituals that honor life transitions, release past traumas, or set intentions.    
• Energy Work: Practices like reiki, chakra balancing, or other modalities to align the body's energy fields.
  

Critiques and Controversies

While neo-shamanism has helped many individuals, it has also faced criticism. Key concerns include:

• Cultural Appropriation: Critics argue that borrowing practices from indigenous cultures without understanding their context can be exploitative and disrespectful.
• Commercialization: Some worry that the commodification of shamanic practices--such as pricey workshops or retreats--reduces sacred traditions to consumer goods.
• Lack of Accountability: Without the communal structures of traditional shamanism, neo-shamanic practices may lack oversight, raising concerns about safety and ethics.

Proponents of neo-shamanism counter that the movement honors the spirit of shamanism by making it accessible to those who might not otherwise encounter it, emphasizing intention and respect.
 

The Future of Neo-Shamanism
 

The Neo-Shamanic Movement is likely to continue evolving as it navigates the intersection of ancient wisdom and modern innovation. As scientific research explores the therapeutic benefits of practices like breathwork and psychedelics, neo-shamanism may gain further credibility and integration into mainstream wellness paradigms.
 

To ensure the movement's integrity, it's crucial to approach these practices with cultural sensitivity, ethical mindfulness, and a commitment to genuine spiritual growth. By doing so, neo-shamanism can serve as a bridge between the wisdom of the past and the needs of the present, offering a path toward holistic healing and a deeper connection with life.
 

Conclusion
 

The Neo-Shamanic Movement represents a powerful synthesis of ancient traditions and contemporary spirituality, addressing the growing need for connection, healing, and meaning in today's world. By honoring its roots while adapting to the present, neo-shamanism offers a dynamic, transformative path for those seeking to navigate life's challenges with greater awareness and purpose.
 

Whether approached as a spiritual discipline, a therapeutic tool, or a way to reconnect with nature, neo-shamanism continues to inspire individuals to explore the profound mysteries of existence, fostering a sense of harmony within themselves and the world around them.

Becoming a Shaman

Many people in today's world are being called by spirit to become shamans. A yearning exists deep within many of us to reconnect to the natural world. It is a call to a life lived in balance with awareness of nature, of spirit, and of self. We live in a culture that has severed itself from nature and spirit. Humans have lost touch with the spirit world and the wisdom of inner knowing. The spirits, however, have not forgotten us. They are calling us to a path of environmental sanity, to rejoining the miraculous cycle of nature.
 

The spirits call many to work with them, but only a few may respond to the call. Choosing to ignore a calling may have undesirable consequences or none at all. For some, it can lead to depression and illness as the life force is constricted and thwarted. Those who choose to follow their shamanic calling may have no idea how to begin.

What do you do if the ancestral shamanic tradition no longer exists in your culture, but you still feel the call today? While traditional, indigenous shamanism continues to decline around the world, shamanic ideology has gradually entered Western humanities and social sciences and developed into the neo-shamanic movement. Neo-shamanism is a term used to describe the creation or revival of a shamanic culture. Most modern shamanic practitioners fall into this category. Neo-shamanism is not a single, cohesive belief system, but a collective term for many such philosophies. Neo-shamans use a variety of core techniques from different shamanic disciplines. 

Mircea Eliade, a religious scholar, was perhaps the first to write about neo-shamanism. In his classic work, "Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy," Eliade discusses the three stages of becoming a shaman: the Call, Training, and Initiation. The first stage to becoming a healer, as described by Eliade, is that of the calling--this call comes from the family, the community, or from the world beyond. Some are called, initiated and trained by spirit guides and/or human teachers from childhood.

Spirit calls us to a path of shamanism in many ways. It can be as dramatic as a life threatening illness or as simple as a dream. Some people receive signs of a shamanic calling through their dreams. Shamans frequently journey during their dreams, often flying through the air. Shamans may have recurring dreams in which they meet certain animal or teacher figures that are manifestations of the very spirits who are calling them.

The more common signs of a shamanic calling are ones of personality, such as a desire to spend time alone in nature. Shamanic candidates tend to be loners and are often considered eccentric or "different." One of the most reliable signs of a shamanic calling is the urge to learn about shamanism. One of the things I have learned working with spirits is that they often prompt me through urges to do one thing or another. This is a common form of communication and instruction by helping spirits. The very fact that you are reading this post at this time is meaningful. It is the spirits themselves who are guiding you to search for information about shamanism. Your yearning to learn more about shamanism is a sign that the spirits are calling you. The call functions to awaken your own inner knowing and the yearning to express your true self through the artistry of the shaman. 

Shamans are called, and then receive rigorous instruction. Training may follow an ordered tradition or take a spontaneous course guided by the shaman's spirit helpers. The function of training is to develop the skills and talents so that shamanic practitioners don't unintentionally hurt themselves or others. Though the spirits give shamans their healing powers, shamans must learn the technique of invoking them. Traditional shamanic training requires considerable devotion and personal sacrifice, not so much to gain power, but to become the person who can wield that power responsibly. Ongoing practice and learning are essential to perfecting any art or skill.

Where does one find shamanic training in the digital age? There are growing numbers of spiritual seekers who learn about shamanism from the internet or through reading the published works of individuals who have received shamanic training. Though a handbook is no substitute for an apprenticeship program, it can convey the fundamental methodological information. Authentic shamanic knowledge can only be acquired through individual experience; however, one must first acquire the methods in order to utilize them. Once you have learned the basic skills, your helping spirits can provide you all the training you need.

Then there is Initiation. Shamanic initiation is a rite of passage, connecting the apprentice shaman intimately to the spirit world. It is typically the final step in shamanic training, though initiation may be set in motion at any time by spirit's intervention into the initiate's life. Ultimately, shamanic initiation takes place between the initiate and the spirit world. It is the spirits who choose and make the shaman.
 

How does someone embark on the shamanic path? To be an effective shamanic healer, one must go through the three steps. The first step is to acknowledge the calling.

Carl Jung and the Neo-Shamanic Movement

"Consciousness" by Sar Maroof

The works of Carl Jung, the Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, have profoundly influenced modern psychology and spiritual practice. His concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation resonate far beyond the confines of clinical therapy, inspiring movements rooted in spiritual exploration and self-discovery. Among these is the neo-shamanic movement, which integrates ancient shamanic practices with Jungian insights to create a path for healing, self-awareness, and connection to the greater whole. In this post, we'll delve into Carl Jung's contributions, explore the neo-shamanic movement, and discuss how these two areas intertwine to address modern existential challenges.

Understanding Carl Jung's Core Concepts

The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes

One of Jung's foundational ideas is the collective unconscious, a universal layer of the psyche shared by all humans. Unlike the personal unconscious, which houses individual experiences, the collective unconscious contains archetypes--primordial symbols and themes that manifest in myths, dreams, and cultural narratives. Examples of archetypes include:       

• The Hero: Embarking on a transformative journey.
• The Shadow: Representing the darker, hidden aspects of the self.
• The Wise Old Man/Woman: Symbolizing guidance and wisdom.

For Jung, these archetypes serve as blueprints for human experience, shaping behaviors, emotions, and spiritual inclinations.

Individuation: A Journey of Wholeness

Jung emphasized the process of individuation, a journey of integrating various aspects of the self—conscious and unconscious—to achieve psychological wholeness. This quest for unity aligns with spiritual pursuits found in many ancient traditions, including shamanism.

What Is the Neo-Shamanic Movement?

Neo-shamanism is a contemporary adaptation of traditional shamanic practices, often blending indigenous wisdom with modern spiritual and psychological approaches. While traditional shamans are deeply embedded within specific cultural and tribal contexts, neo-shamans typically operate in more eclectic, globalized settings.

Key Elements of Neo-Shamanism

1. Altered States of Consciousness

Techniques like meditation, drumming, and breathwork help participants access altered states, akin to the shamanic trance, where they can explore their subconscious mind.

2. Healing Practices

Neo-shamanic rituals often focus on emotional and spiritual healing, using visualization, ceremony, and energy work to restore balance.

3. Connection to Nature

Emphasizing a deep relationship with the natural world, neo-shamanism promotes ecological awareness and reverence for the interconnectedness of life.

4. Global Adaptability

Unlike traditional shamanism, which is often localized, neo-shamanism incorporates elements from various cultures, making it accessible to diverse practitioners.

The Intersection of Jungian Psychology and Neo-Shamanism

Jung's ideas are naturally aligned with shamanic principles. Both frameworks recognize the profound power of symbols, dreams, and altered states of consciousness in facilitating transformation and healing.

Archetypes as Spiritual Guides

In neo-shamanic practice, archetypes play a central role. Participants often work with archetypal energies--such as the Warrior, Mother, or Healer--during rituals or meditative journeys. These figures serve as guides, helping individuals confront personal challenges or uncover hidden potentials.

For example, the archetype of the Shadow is particularly significant. By facing and integrating one's Shadow, neo-shamanic practitioners aim to overcome fears, unresolved traumas, and suppressed desires--mirroring Jung's emphasis on embracing the unconscious.

Altered States and the Psyche

Jung viewed altered states of consciousness as gateways to the unconscious. His own experiences with active imagination--a technique of consciously engaging with inner images--paralleled shamanic journeys. Neo-shamanism adopts similar practices, using tools like drumming or plant medicine to facilitate introspection and healing.

Individuation as a Modern Vision Quest

The shamanic vision quest--a spiritual journey undertaken for insight or renewal--aligns closely with Jung's individuation process. Both paths seek to harmonize internal conflicts, foster self-awareness, and connect the individual with a greater cosmic or spiritual order.

Relevance in the Modern World

The convergence of Jungian psychology and neo-shamanism offers a profound response to the alienation and existential crises of contemporary life. By addressing the spiritual and psychological dimensions of the human experience, these practices provide tools for navigating modern challenges.
 

Benefits of Integrating Jungian and Shamanic Approaches

1. Healing Trauma

Both frameworks address trauma at a deep level, using symbolic and experiential methods to process and transform pain.

2. Cultivating Meaning
    
Archetypal narratives and rituals provide a sense of purpose and connection, countering the disconnection many feel in a materialistic society.

3. Fostering Ecological Awareness
    
Neo-shamanism's reverence for nature resonates with the current need for ecological consciousness, encouraging sustainable practices and harmonious living.

4. Empowering Personal Growth
    
By exploring the unconscious and integrating its lessons, individuals can achieve a greater sense of self-awareness and empowerment.

Criticisms and Ethical Considerations

While the integration of Jungian ideas and shamanic practices holds great promise, it is not without criticism. Cultural appropriation remains a significant concern, as neo-shamanism often borrows rituals and symbols from indigenous traditions without proper respect or understanding. Practitioners and seekers must approach these practices with humility, authenticity, and a commitment to honoring the origins of shamanic knowledge.

Conclusion

Carl Jung's psychological theories and the neo-shamanic movement share a deep affinity, both striving to heal the human spirit and connect individuals to a greater whole. By bridging ancient wisdom with modern insight, they offer a transformative path for those seeking balance, meaning, and renewal.

As interest in these practices continues to grow, they hold the potential to address not only individual healing but also collective challenges, from ecological crises to societal disconnection. Whether through introspection, ritual, or connection with nature, the union of Jungian psychology and neo-shamanism invites us to embark on a journey toward wholeness and harmony.

Evolving Shamanism

Shamanism, or more accurately an evolving form called Neo-Shamanism, has achieved a dramatic modern resurgence. Those who take the time necessary to properly investigate it are finding it to be an enlightening, rewarding and profound practice. Spiritual seekers are finding a sense of community, the healing they need, and an enhanced awareness based in a love for Nature and a connection with Spirit. Neo-Shamanism offers practical pathways or real, everyday life applications to enhanced awareness and vibrant health which can be objectively observed and verified. This is where Shamanism stands head and shoulders above other philosophies.

Thus, what is it about this evolving modern Shamanism that makes it so popular? First of all, Shamanism is not a religion, but rather a pragmatic and results oriented methodology. Shamanism has always been a discipline that delineates, very specifically, how to find what you seek. Everything you do is checked in the external reality, the observable world, to see if your work is bearing fruit. By observing the nature of the difference, or the specific places where no difference is made, Neo-Shamans apply their discipline to see where within themselves they are caught, and fix it. Simple as that. Read more.

Signs of a Shamanic Calling

Many people in today's world are being called by spirit to become shamans. A yearning exists deep within many of us to reconnect to the natural world. It is a call to a life lived in balance with awareness of nature, of spirit, and of self. We live in a culture that has severed itself from nature and spirit. Humans have lost touch with the spirit world and the wisdom of inner knowing. The spirits, however, have not forgotten us. They are calling us to a path of environmental sanity, to rejoining the miraculous cycle of nature.

Spirit calls us to a path of shamanism in many ways. It can be as dramatic as a life threatening illness or as simple as a dream. Some people receive signs of a shamanic calling through their dreams. Shamans frequently journey during their dreams, often flying through the air. Shamans may have recurring dreams in which they meet certain animal or teacher figures that are manifestations of the very spirits who are calling them. 

In Siberia, the homeland of shamanism, it is believed that certain characteristics are a sign that the spirits have selected an individual to become a shaman. Sometimes the shamanic candidate will have unusual marks or bodily characteristics such as being born with extra fingers or toes. Being born with a caul (thin membrane) covering your head is recognized worldwide as a sign that a person has a special relationship with the spirit world.

The more common signs of a shamanic calling are ones of personality, such as a desire to spend time alone in nature. Shamanic candidates tend to be loners and are often considered eccentric or "different." One of the most reliable signs of a shamanic calling is the urge to learn about shamanism. One of the things I have learned working with spirits is that they often prompt me through urges to do one thing or another. This is a common form of communication and instruction by helping spirits. The very fact that you are reading this article at this time is meaningful. It is the spirits themselves who are guiding you to search for information about shamanism. Your yearning to learn more about shamanism is a sign that the spirits are calling you. The call functions to awaken your own inner knowing and the yearning to express your true self through the artistry of the shaman.

In contemporary Western culture, people who have shamanic callings often don't understand what is happening to them, and may find themselves overwhelmed by fear of their non-ordinary experiences. To help potential candidates gain an understanding of these events, I have provided the following list of signs that you might have a shamanic calling. Have you had:

• An intense desire to spend long periods of time alone in nature
• Vivid flying dreams, prophetic dreams, or recurring dreams with the same animals or teacher figures
• Recurring encounters with the same animals in ordinary reality, possibly in unusual ways
• Frequent feelings of déjà vu
• Imaginary friends as a child
• Any physical, mental, or emotional abnormality that set you apart as a child
• An strong connection with plants or animals
• An awareness of subtle healing energy in your hands
• A near-death out-of-body experience
• Astute and accurate intuition and the ability to "read" other people
• A parent who has paranormal abilities, such as prophetic dreams or telepathy
• Ancestors who were healers, herbalists, or doctors
• An occupation in the healing arts
• Frequent clairvoyance, clairaudience, or other paranormal experiences
• Were you born with a caul (thin membrane) covering your head
• A life threatening illness, accident, or unusual event such as being struck by lightning, especially if this included a long recovery
• A strong inner urge to learn about shamanism

If it seems that these signs are very general and happen to a lot of people, it is because the spirits call many to work with them, but only a few may respond to the call. Choosing to ignore a calling may have undesirable consequences or none at all. For some, it can lead to depression and illness as the life force is constricted and thwarted. Those who choose to follow their shamanic calling may have no idea how to begin.

What do you do if the ancestral shamanic tradition no longer exists in your culture, but you still feel the call today? While traditional, indigenous shamanism continues to decline around the world, shamanic ideology has gradually entered Western humanities and social sciences and developed into the neo-shamanic movement. Neo-shamanism is a term used to describe the creation or revival of a shamanic culture. Most modern shamanic practitioners fall into this category. Neo-shamanism is not a single, cohesive belief system, but a collective term for many such philosophies. Neo-shamans use a variety of core techniques from different shamanic disciplines.

Mircea Eliade, a religious scholar, was perhaps the first to write about neo-shamanism. In his classic work, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (paid link) Eliade discusses the three stages of becoming a shaman: the Call, Training, and Initiation. The first stage to becoming a healer, as described by Eliade, is that of the calling -- this call comes from the family, the community, or from the world beyond. Some are called, initiated and trained by spirit guides and/or human teachers from childhood.

Shamans are called, and then receive rigorous instruction. Training may follow an ordered tradition or take a spontaneous course guided by the shaman's spirit helpers. The function of training is to develop the skills and talents so that shamanic practitioners don't unintentionally hurt themselves or others. Though the spirits give shamans their healing powers, shamans must learn the technique of invoking them. Traditional shamanic training requires considerable devotion and personal sacrifice, not so much to gain power, but to become the person who can wield that power responsibly. Ongoing practice and learning are essential to perfecting any art or skill.

Where does one find shamanic training in the digital age? There are growing numbers of spiritual seekers who learn about shamanism from the internet or through reading the published works of individuals who have received shamanic training. Though a handbook is no substitute for an apprenticeship program, it can convey the fundamental methodological information. Authentic shamanic knowledge can only be acquired through individual experience; however, one must first acquire the methods in order to utilize them. Once you have learned the basic skills, your helping spirits can provide you all the training you need.

Then there is Initiation. Shamanic initiation is a rite of passage, connecting the apprentice shaman intimately to the spirit world. It is typically the final step in shamanic training, though initiation may be set in motion at any time by spirit's intervention into the initiate's life. Ultimately, shamanic initiation takes place between the initiate and the spirit world. It is the spirits who choose and make the shaman.

In my 2012 book, Shamanic Drumming: Calling the Spirits (paid link), I recount my own journey into shamanic practice and explore what someone should do if they feel the call to become a shaman. Working with the guidance of my helping spirits, I have written a guide to becoming a shamanic healer that encompasses the power of the drum, of community, and of the accountability inherent in authentic shamanic practice.

How does someone embark on the shamanic path? To be an effective shamanic healer, one must go through the three steps. The first step is to acknowledge the calling.

© 2013 by Michael Drake

Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) Photo by Arkady Zarubin

"The Beauty of the Primitive"

The Beauty of the Primitive explores how shamanism, an obscure word introduced by the eighteenth-century German explorers of Siberia, entered Western humanities and social sciences, and has now become a powerful idiom used by nature and pagan communities to situate their spiritual quests and anti-modernity sentiments. The major characters of The Beauty of the Primitive are past and present Western scholars, writers, explorers, and spiritual seekers with a variety of views on shamanism. Moving from Enlightenment and Romantic writers and Russian exile ethnographers to the anthropology of Franz Boas to Mircea Eliade and Carlos Castaneda, Znamenski details how the shamanism idiom was gradually transplanted from Siberia to the Native American scene and beyond. 

 

He also looks into the circumstances that prompted scholars and writers at first to marginalize shamanism as a mental disorder and then to recast it as high spiritual wisdom in the 1960s and the 1970s. Linking the growing interest in shamanism to the rise of anti-modernism in Western culture and intellectual life, Znamenski examines the role that anthropology, psychology, environmentalism, and Native Americana have played in the emergence of neo-shamanism. He discusses the sources that inspire Western neo-shamans and seeks to explain why lately many of these spiritual seekers have increasingly moved away from non-Western tradition to European folklore. A work of intellectual discovery, The Beauty of the Primitive shows how scholars, writers, and spiritual seekers shape their writings and experiences to suit contemporary cultural, ideological, and spiritual needs. With its interdisciplinary approach and engaging style, it promises to be the definitive account of this neglected strand of intellectual history.